| Jintan | |
|---|---|
 | |
Klasifikasi Ilmiah | |
| Kerajaan: | Plantae |
| Clade : | Tracheophytes |
| Clade : | Angiospermae |
| Clade : | Eudicots |
| Clade : | Asterid |
| Memesan: | Apiales |
| Keluarga: | Apiaceae |
| Marga: | Carum |
| Jenis: | C. carvi |
| Nama binomial | |
| Carum carvi | |
Jintan , juga dikenal sebagai adas meridian dan jintan persia ( Carum carvi ), adalah tanaman dua tahunan dalam keluarga Apiaceae, asli Asia barat, Eropa, dan Afrika Utara.
Penampilan tanaman ini mirip dengan anggota keluarga wortel lainnya, dengan daun berbulu halus yang terbelah halus dengan bagian seperti benang, tumbuh pada batang berukuran 20–30 cm (7,9–11,8 inci). Batang bunga utama memiliki tinggi 40–60 cm (16–24 inci), dengan bunga kecil berwarna putih atau merah muda pada umbel. Buah jintan, umumnya (secara keliru) disebut biji, adalah achenes berbentuk bulan sabit, panjangnya sekitar 2 mm (0,08 inci), dengan lima punggung pucat.
| Nilai gizi per 100 g (3,5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energi | 333 kkal (1.390 kJ) |
Karbohidrat | 49,90 g |
| Gula | 0,64 g |
| Serat makanan | 38.0 g |
Lemak | 14,59 g |
| Jenuh | 0,620 g |
| Tak jenuh tunggal | 7.125 g |
| Tak jenuh ganda | 3.272 g |
Protein | 19,77 g |
| Vitamin | Kuantitas% DV † |
| Setara Vitamin A. | 2% 18 μg |
| Tiamin (B 1 ) | 33% 0,383 mg |
| Riboflavin (B 2 ) | 32% 0,379 mg |
| Niasin (B 3 ) | 24% 3,606 mg |
| Vitamin B 6 | 28% 0,360 mg |
| Folat (B 9 ) | 3% 10 μg |
| Vitamin C | 25% 21,0 mg |
| Vitamin E. | 17% 2,5 mg |
| Vitamin K. | 0% 0 μg |
| Mineral | Kuantitas% DV † |
| Kalsium | 69% 689 mg |
| Besi | 125% 16,23 mg |
| Magnesium | 73% 258 mg |
| Fosfor | 81% 568 mg |
| Kalium | 29% 1351 mg |
| Sodium | 1% 17 mg |
| Seng | 58% 5,5 mg |
| Konstituen lainnya | Kuantitas |
| air | 9,87 g |
| |
| † Persentase secara kasar diperkirakan menggunakan rekomendasi AS untuk orang dewasa. Sumber: Database Nutrisi USDA | |
Nama
Etimologi jintan rumit dan kurang dipahami. Jintan telah disebut dengan banyak nama di berbagai daerah, dengan nama yang berasal dari bahasa Latin cuminum (cumin), bahasa Yunani karon (sekali lagi, jinten), yang diadaptasi ke dalam bahasa Latin sebagai carum (sekarang berarti jintan), dan karavi Sansekerta , kadang-kadang diterjemahkan sebagai "jintan", tetapi di lain waktu dipahami sebagai "adas".
Penggunaan istilah jintan dalam bahasa Inggris berasal dari setidaknya tahun 1440, dan dianggap oleh Walter William Skeat berasal dari bahasa Arab, meskipun Gernot Katzer percaya bahwa bahasa Arab al-karawya كراوية (lih. Spanyol alcaravea ) diturunkan dari bahasa Latin carum .
Sejarah
Caraway was mentioned by the Greek Dioscorides as a herb and tonic. It was later mentioned in the Roman Apicius as an ingredient in recipes. Later, caraway was known in the Arab world as karauya, and cultivated in Morocco.
Uses:
The fruits, usually used whole, have a pungent, anise-like flavor and aroma that comes from essential oils, mostly carvone, limonene, and anethole. Caraway is used as a spice in breads, especially rye bread.
Caraway is also used in desserts, liquors, casseroles, and other foods. Its leaves can be added to salads, stews, and soups, and are sometimes consumed as herbs, either raw, dried, or cooked, similar to parsley. The root is consumed as a winter root vegetable in some places, similar to parsnips.
Caraway fruits are found in diverse European cuisines and dishes, for example sauerkraut, and caraway seed cake. In Austrian cuisine it is used to season beef and, in German cuisine, pork. In Hungarian cuisine it is added to goulash, and in Norwegian cuisine and Swedish cuisine it is used for making caraway black bread.
In Hungary and Serbia, caraway is commonly sprinkled over home-made salty scones (köményes pogácsa / pogačice s kimom). It is also used to add flavor to cheeses such as bondost, pultost, havarti, and Tilsit.
Caraway oil is used to for the production of Kümmel liquor in Germany and Russia, Scandinavian akvavit, Icelandic brennivín.
In Middle Eastern cuisine, caraway pudding, called meghli, is a popular dessert during Ramadan. It is typically made and served in the Levant area in winter and on the occasion of having a new baby. Caraway is also added to flavor harissa, a North African chili pepper paste. In Aleppian Syrian cuisine it is used to make the sweet scones named keleacha.
Caraway fruit oil is also used as a fragrance component in soaps, lotions, and perfumes. Caraway is also used as a breath freshener, and it has a long tradition of use in folk medicine.
In the United States, the most common use of caraway is whole as an addition to rye bread – often called seeded rye or Jewish rye bread. Caraway fruits are frequently used in Irish soda bread, along with raisins and currants.
Cultivation
Caraway is distributed throughout practically all of Europe except the Mediterranean region; it is widely established as a cultivated plant. All other European species of Carum generally have smaller fruits; some grow on rocks in the mountains, chiefly in the Balkans, Italian Alps and Apennines. However the only one that is cultivated is Carum carvi, its fruits being used in many ways in cooking and its essential oils in the preparation of certain medicines and liqueurs.
Tanaman lebih menyukai lokasi yang hangat dan cerah serta tanah yang dikeringkan dengan baik yang kaya bahan organik. Di daerah yang lebih hangat, ditanam di musim dingin sebagai tanaman tahunan. Di iklim sedang, ditanam sebagai musim panas tahunan atau dua tahunan. Namun, varian poliploid (dengan empat set haploid = 4n) dari tanaman ini ditemukan abadi.
Finlandia memasok sekitar 28% (2011) produksi jintan dunia dari sekitar 1.500 pertanian, hasil yang tinggi kemungkinan terjadi dari iklim dan garis lintang yang menguntungkan, yang menjamin sinar matahari yang panjang di musim panas.